FEDOR III ALEXEEVICH

B. May 30 (June 9, N.S.), 1661, Moscow - D. April 27 (May 7, N.S.), 1682, Moscow, Tsar of Russia from 1676 to 1682.

Fedor fostered the development of Western culture in Russia, thereby making it easier for his successor, Peter I the Great (reigned 1682-1725), to enact widespread reforms based on Western models. The eldest son of Alexis (reigned 1645-76), Fedor not only was educated in the traditional subjects of Russian and Church Slavonic but also was tutored in Polish and Latin by Simeon Polotski, a noted theologian who had studied in Kiev and Poland. When Alexis died, Fedor ascended the throne (Jan. 19 [Jan. 29], 1676), but his youth and poor health prevented him from actively participating in the conduct of government affairs. His uncle Ivan B. Miloslavski assumed the dominant position in Fedor's government at first, but he was soon displaced by two courtiers, I.M. Jazykov and A.T. Lihachev, who shared Fedor's educational background and who, in spite of objections from the Russian Orthodox clergy, promoted the spread of Polish customs, Roman Catholic religious doctrines, and Latin books among the Russian aristocracy. After 1681 Vasili V. Golitsyn became the most significant figure in Fedor's administration; under his influence vast military reforms were undertaken, and the system of mestnichestvo, by which a noble was appointed to a service position on the basis of his family's rank in the hierarchy of boyars, was abolished (1682).

When Fedor died childless, he was succeeded, after some dispute, by both his brother, Ivan V (coruled 1682-96), and his half-brother, Peter I (coruled 1682-96; reigned alone 1696-1725); his sister Sophia Alexeevna served as regent for the two young tsars (1682-89).