KONSTANTIN PAVLOVICH, GRAND DUKE

B. May 8 (April 27, O.S.), 1779, Tsarskoe Selo - D. June 27 (June 15), 1831, Vitebsk, son of the Russian emperor Paul I (reigned 1796-1801), younger brother of Alexander I (reigned 1801-25) and elder brother of Nicholas I (reigned 1825-55); he was the virtual ruler of the Congress Kingdom of Poland (1815-30).

Educated by a Swiss tutor under the supervision of his grandmother, the empress Catherine II the Great (reigned 1762-96), Constantine participated in General A.V. Suvorov's campaign in Italy against Napoleon Bonaparte (1799). He was present at the Russo-Austrian defeat at Austerlitz (Dec. 2, 1805), which forced the Austrians to conclude a separate peace with France, and took part in the Russian campaigns of 1807, 1812, 1813, and 1814 against Napoleon.

After the Congress of Vienna (1815) set up the constitutional Kingdom of Poland with the emperor of Russia as its king, Alexander appointed Constantine commander in chief of Poland's armed forces with the powers of viceroy (November 1815). Although Constantine organized the Polish army, he failed to win its support, and he also alienated the Parliament and the general populace with his harsh rule. He nevertheless sympathized with the Poles' desire for autonomy. After his morganatic marriage to a Polish countess, Joanna Grudzinska, May 24 (May 12, Old Style), 1820, he renounced all of his claims to the Russian throne (January 1822).

When Alexander I died (Dec. 1 [Nov. 19], 1825), however, there was confusion over his successor. On the day that the guards were to swear allegiance to Constantine's younger brother Nicholas (Dec. 26 [Dec. 14], 1825), a group of revolutionaries, including many officers (later known as the Dekabrists, or Decembrists), convinced the soldiers to call for "Constantine and Constitution" in an attempt to start a rebellion.

Though Constantine had played no part in the rising, which was swiftly suppressed, differences soon arose between him and Nicholas because Constantine insisted that the Polish army and bureaucracy were loyal to the Russian Empire despite the large role Poles had played in the Decembrist conspiracy. Later, the two brothers also disagreed over Nicholas' foreign policy; because of Constantine's opposition, the Polish army did not participate in the Russo-Turkish War of 1828-29. Constantine was convinced that the Polish army was loyal, and so he was taken completely by surprise when a Polish insurrection broke out in Warsaw in November 1830. Because of his utter failure to grasp the situation, the Polish army passed over to the side of the rebels, and as the revolution wore on, Constantine showed himself as incompetent as he was lacking in judgment. He did not live to see the uprising suppressed, for he died of cholera in June 1831.